This unique and comprehensive text considers all aspects of heat exchanger fouling from the basic science of how surfaces become fouled to very practical ways of mitigating the problem and from mathematical modelling of different fouling mechanisms to practical methods of. They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power stations, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural. In fact, fouling has been recognised for a long time, and research on heat exchanger fouling was conducted as early as 1910 and the first practical application of this research was implemented in the 1920s. Heat exchanger is equipment used to transfer heat from one fluid to another. The ufactor is defined by an expression analogous to newtons law of cooling. The purpose of this book chapter is to consolidate into basic background and. Fouling of heat exchangers in processing industries is a chronic operating problem. If uncontrolled, levels of fouling can negate any benefits produced by careful heat exchanger design. Also provides quick access to heat transfer and pressure loss data, plus manual thermal design methods and examples, for heat exchangers involving single phase flow duties. Completely revised and updated to reflect current advances in heat exchanger technology, heat exchanger design handbook, second edition includes enhanced figures and thermal effectiveness charts, tables, new chapter, and additional topicsall while keeping the qualities that made the first edition a centerpiece of information for practicing engineers, research, engineers. Fouling of heat exchangers chemical engineering monographs. In the design and operation of heat exchangers cooled with water, a coefficient of biological must be considered, which affects the efficiency of the equipment.
In plate heat exchangers, the degradation of performance is usually magnified because plate exchanger depend on a thin plate wall to maintain their high efficiencies. The effect of fouling and the heat exchanger surface on thermal performance the above observations have important implications for the fouling performance. This series of biannual conferences provides the latest fundamental and. N2 heating of liquids is a common unit operation in food industry such as pasteurization and sterilization of dairy products. Over 90% of all heat exchangers suffer from fouling.
Fouling of heat exchangers chemical engineering monographs book 26 ebook. Written by experts from germany, uk and the usa, this book is a reliable adviser for engineers, managers, technicians and students who want to. Influence of fouling on heat exchanger effectiveness in a. Fouling and fouling mitigation of calcium compounds on. Proven dramatic results show it can help companies save thousands of hours of cleaning and millions of dollars in costs every year. Engineers are often faced with interoffice scheduling traditions. It has extensive domestic and industrial applications. Heat exchanger, heat, fouling, energy, effectiveness. Whether youve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. The fouling materials can consist of either living organisms or a nonliving substance inorganic andor organic. The problems that restrict the efficient operation of equipment are described and the costs. Advice on the selection, design, installation and commissioning of heat exchangers to minimise fouling is given. Heat exchangers have widespread industrial and domestic applications.
The fouling factor represents the theoretical resistance to heat flow due to a buildup of a layer of dirt or other fouling substance on the tube surfaces of the heat exchanger, but they are often overstated by the end user in an attempt to. Since there are many reference works on fouling mechanisms and their effects panchal et al. Fouling is a function of the system and the equipment used. However, not only is this practice far from being optimal it also increases the total capital expenditure. A heat exchanger is a system used to transfer heat between two or more fluids. Antifouling he new technology can reduce heat exchanger. Part of the nato asi series book series nsse, volume 145. This weeks monday morning minutes post explores heat exchanger fouling factors and suggests a couple of rules of thumb to follow. Reverse solubility salts become less solute as the temperature increases and thus deposit on the heat exchanger surface. Heat exchanger analysis heat exchanger calculation. Heat exchanger design methodologies deal with fouling by simply compensating for the reduced heat transfer efficiency with the addition of larger heat transfer surfaces see section 5. Fouling is one of the main problems in design and operation of heat exchangers.
This unique and comprehensive text considers all aspects of heat exchanger fouling from the basic science of how surfaces become fouled to very practical ways of mitigating the problem and from mathematical modelling of different fouling mechanisms to. Counter flow heat exchangers are the most efficient of the three types. Another large section is designed to give information on both online and offline cleaning of heat exchangers. Heat exchanger fouling and cleaning conference series. A heat exchanger is a device that allows heat energy in one process fluid to pass to another process fluid in a controlled manner whose purpose is either to remove heat from afluid cooling or to add heat to a fluid. Costs associated with heat exchanger fouling include production losses due to.
What is heat exchanger analysis performance calculation. Heat exchanger fouling in phosphoric acid evaporators evaluation of field data, r. R d fouling factor or unit thermal resistance of deposit m 2 kw u d overall heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger after fouling wm 2 k u overall heat transfer coefficient of clean heat exchanger wm 2. The design, installation, commissioning and operation of heat exchangers to minimise fouling. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. Heat exchanger design handbook mechanical engineering. A heat exchanger is a heat transfer device that exchanges heat between two or more process fluids. The problems that restrict the efficient operation of equipment are described and the costs, some.
Fouling and reduced heat transfer in heat exchangers. Heat exchangers are commonly used in industry, and proper design of a heat exchanger depends on many variables. Parameters which influence the fouling rate in a system include. Fouling and corrosion fundamentals of heat exchanger.
Biological fouling may be defined as the growth of living matter on heat exchanger surfaces. This handbook presents the most important technologies concerning the reduction of fouling in heat exchangers and the appropriate technologies of removal and cleaning. Completely revised and updated to reflect current advances in heat exchanger technology, heat exchanger design handbook, second edition includes enhanced figures and thermal effectiveness charts, tables, new chapter, and additional topicsall while keeping the qualities that made the first edition a centerpiece of information for practicing engineers, research, engineers, academicians. Online monitoring of commercial heat exchangers is done by tracking the overall heat transfer coefficient, because the overall heat transfer coefficient tends to decline over time due to fouling. Some novel methods which do not fall under well reported.
The phenomenon usually associated with water systems, e. The actual fouling rate is different for each application. Pdf fouling and fouling mitigation on heat exchanger surfaces. Fouling is usually distinguished from other surfacegrowth phenomena in that it occurs on a surface of a component, system, or plant performing a defined and useful function and that. Both fouling and scaling essentially provide an additional and often times significant resistance to heat transfer in your heat exchanger. In contrast to the parallel flow heat exchanger, the counter flow heat exchanger can have the hottest coldfluid.
One of the most misunderstood items in the heat exchanger schedule is the fouling factor. The fouling of heat exchangers, reactors and catalysts remains one of the most urgent problems. A large part of the text is devoted to the use of chemical and other additives to reduce or eliminate the problem of fouling. Heat exchanger design an overview sciencedirect topics. With the development of fouling the heat exchanger may deteriorate to the extent. Costs associated with heat exchanger fouling include production losses due to efficiency deterioration and to loss of production during planned or unplanned shutdowns due to fouling, and maintenance costs resulting from the removal of fouling deposits with chemicals andor mechanical antifouling devices or the replacement of corroded or plugged. Overview of heat exchanger analysis with set temperature boundary conditions.
Heat exchangers find widespread use in power generation, chemical processing. Completely revised and updated to reflect current advances in heat exchanger technology, heat exchanger design handbook, second edition includes enhanced figures and thermal effectiveness charts, tables, new chapter, and additional topicsall while keeping the qualities that made the first edition a centerpiece of information for practicing engine. Fouling and its effect on exchanger heat transfer and pressure drop. The fouling materials can consist of either living organisms or a nonliving. In the analysis of heat exchangers, it is often convenient to work with an overall heat transfer coefficient, known as a ufactor. Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces to the detriment of function. Costs due to overdesign, additional fuel consumption and maintenance, loss of production, etc. Extensive technical literature is available on heat exchanger design, operation and maintenance, but it is widely scattered throughout the industrial bulletins, industrial design codes and standard, technical journals, etc. The findings could support in developing the improved heat exchanger material surfaces, retain efficiency of the heat. Jamialahmadi article pdf bayer process heat exchangers cleaning efficiency. Matlab, a fundamental tool for scientific computing and engineering applications, chapter. Furthermore, the general and scientific fundamentals of heat transfer are explained. This unique and comprehensive text considers all aspects of heat exchanger fouling from the basic science of how surfaces become fouled to very practical ways of mitigating the problem and from mathematical modelling of different fouling mechanisms to practical methods of heat exchanger cleaning. Fouling and fouling mitigation on heat exchanger surfaces.